Across regions, there is not much variety within waste streams beyond those aligned with income.

In low-income countries, materials that could be recycled account for only 20 percent of the waste stream. Middle- and low-income countries generate 53 percent and 57 percent food and green waste, respectively, with the fraction of organic waste increasing as economic development levels decrease. High-income countries generate relatively less food and green waste, at 32 percent of total waste, and generate more dry waste that could be recycled, including plastic, paper, cardboard, metal, and glass, which account for 51 percent of waste. Waste composition differs across income levels, reflecting varied patterns of consumption. Waste collection rates, by income level (percent) Across regions, Sub-Saharan Africa collects about 44 percent of waste while Europe and Central Asia and North America collect at least 90 percent of waste. Low-income countries collect about 48 percent of waste in cities, but this proportion drops drastically to 26 percent outside of urban areas. Waste collection is a critical step in managing waste, yet rates vary largely by income levels, with upper-middle- and high-income countries providing nearly universal waste collection. Projected waste generation, by region ( millions of tonnes/year) Projected waste generation, by region (millions of tonnes/year) In these regions, more than half of waste is currently openly dumped, and the trajectories of waste growth will have vast implications for the environment, health, and prosperity, thus requiring urgent action. However, the fastest growing regions are Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and the Middle East and North Africa, where, by 2050, total waste generation is expected to more than triple, double, and double respectively. The East Asia and Pacific region is generating most of the world’s waste, at 23 percent, and the Middle East and North Africa region is producing the least in absolute terms, at 6 percent. The total quantity of waste generated in low-income countries is expected to increase by more than three times by 2050. Waste generation initially decreases at the lowest income levels and then increases at a faster rate for incremental income changes at low income levels than at high income levels.

Daily per capita waste generation in high-income countries is projected to increase by 19 percent by 2050, compared to low- and middle-income countries where it is expected to increase by approximately 40% or more.

Overall, there is a positive correlation between waste generation and income level. When looking forward, global waste is expected to grow to 3.40 billion tonnes by 2050, more than double population growth over the same period. Though they only account for 16 percent of the world’s population, high-income countries generate about 34 percent, or 683 million tonnes, of the world’s waste. Worldwide, waste generated per person per day averages 0.74 kilogram but ranges widely, from 0.11 to 4.54 kilograms.

The world generates 2.01 billion tonnes of municipal solid waste annually, with at least 33 percent of that-extremely conservatively-not managed in an environmentally safe manner.

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